{"id":7698,"date":"2023-09-14T16:37:23","date_gmt":"2023-09-14T11:07:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/onlitutor.com\/courses\/cbse-physical-education-class-12\/lesson\/smart-notes-9\/"},"modified":"2023-09-15T10:57:43","modified_gmt":"2023-09-15T05:27:43","slug":"smart-notes-9-psychology-sports","status":"publish","type":"lesson","link":"https:\/\/onlitutor.com\/courses\/cbse-physical-education-class-12\/lesson\/smart-notes-9-psychology-sports\/","title":{"rendered":"Smart Notes &#8211; 9. Psychology &#038; Sports"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>9.1\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Personality : Concept and Definitions<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Personality : <\/strong>Personality usually means that an individual is much more than his outer appearance.<\/p>\n<p>Personality also refer to the pattern of thoughts, feeling, social adjustment and behaviour etc.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Different of personality :<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Physical dimension<\/li>\n<li>Mental dimension<\/li>\n<li>Social dimension<\/li>\n<li>Emotional dimension<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Sheldon an American psychologist divided Personality on the basis of three physical structures.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>(1) Endomorph : <\/strong><\/span>Endomorphs have a round body, characterised by wide hips, narrow shoulders, small legs, arms and round delicate body. They have a tendency to put on extra body fat on their body parts such as arms and thigh. They are relaxed, easy going, fun loving and sociable in nature.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>(2) Mesomorph : <\/strong><\/span>Mesomorphs are likely to have an athletic and attractive physique. Their shoulders are broad, narrow waist, arms and legs strong. They have more muscles than fat. They are courageous, energetic, adventurous, assertive and competitive in nature.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>(3) Ectomorph : <\/strong><\/span>Ectomorphs have narrow shoulder, thin arms and legs, a narrow face and a flat chest. They are slim and tall. They are generally thoughtful, quite, self-conscious and pessimistic and are not fond of physical activity.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Importance of Physical education in development of personality :<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It helps in shaping up the personality of an individual.\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>It provides a free, pleasurable. immediate and natural expression of the innate desires of an individual.\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>It develops a feeling of sense of belonging, hapiness, experiences etc. which makes a balanced individual.\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>It improves physical appearance. Physical activities are conducive to the growth and development of the physique.\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>The mental exercise enhances the intellectual abilities and broadens one\u2019s mental horizon. It has a great impact on one\u2019s personality.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em><strong>Difference between endomorph and mesomorph<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>Endomorph<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>Mesomorph<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p>Individuals have<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Short arms and legs<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Rounded physique<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Undeveloped muscles<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 High fat storage<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Pear shaped body<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Less ability to compete in sports<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Less active<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p>Individuals have<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Balanced body composition<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Athletic physique<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Strong muscles<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Fat evenly store all over the body<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Rectangular shaped body<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Can excel sports<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Capable of doing lot of activities<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>The role of sports in developing the personality of an individual such as :\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<span style=\"color: #0000ff\"> (<em>a<\/em>)\u00a0 Physical appearance :<\/span><\/strong> One of the primary aspects of one\u2019s personality is his physical appearance. Both boys and girls are much concerned about how they look. Physical activities are conducive to the growth and development of physique. Workouts in gym are becoming a must for all the youngsters of today. This develops their outer personality which creates a good impression.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u00a0 (<em>b<\/em>)\u00a0 Social interactions : <\/span><\/strong>Physical activities and sports provide opportunities of interaction between athletes coming from different regions, speaking different languages, having different castes and religions. This helps an individual to develop multi-dimensional personality. Moral values through sports is responsible for development of sound and ideal character, a very essential attribute of personality.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <span style=\"color: #0000ff\">(<em>c<\/em>)\u00a0 Analytic thinking :<\/span><\/strong> This mental exercise enhances the intellectual abilities of the participants and broadens their mental horizon. It is well said that physique is of no use if not governed by analytical thinking, analyzing and interpreting new situations.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<span style=\"color: #0000ff\"> (<em>d<\/em>)\u00a0 Disciplined and assertive : <\/span><\/strong>In sports one learns to make sincere efforts, which reflect positively in the development of an individual\u2019s personality. Code of discipline is fundamental in learning of any physical activity and effective participation in sports.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<span style=\"color: #0000ff\"> (<em>e<\/em>)\u00a0 Well balanced individual :<\/span><\/strong> Physical activities also provide recreation which go a long way in producing a perfectly happy, satisfied and balanced individual having a pleasing and energetic personality, zest for life experiences. Physical activities and sports are the basic needs of human beings which help in the development of a well-balanced personality.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The role of psychologist for a team preparing to participate in competition :<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sports psychologists are mental game coaches who help athletes improve performance through mental training.<\/li>\n<li>According to John Luther, sports psychology is an area which applies psychological facts and principles to learning performance and associated human behaviour.<\/li>\n<li>According to K.M. Burns, sports psychology for physical education deals with the physically fitness of an individual through their participation in games and sports.<\/li>\n<li>According to Singer, sports psychology explores one\u2019s behaviour in athletics.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The following points the importance of sports psychology :<\/p>\n<p><strong>Enhancement of Physiological Capacities :<\/strong> Sports psychology plays a major role in the enhancement of physical capacity such as strength, speed and flexibility of sport persons, as it is well-known that psychological capacities or powers can increase physiological capacities.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Learning the Motor Skills :<\/strong> Sports psychology plays a major role in motor skills learning, helping to develop physiological and psychological readiness. Physiological readiness is the development of strength, flexibility and endurance, while psychological readiness is related to the learner\u2019s state of mind. Sports psychology is also helpful in the cognitive stage, a social-active stage and the autonomous stage of motor skill learning.<\/p>\n<p><strong>In understanding the behaviour :<\/strong> Sports psychology is an important tool for understanding the behaviour of athletes and sports persons in competitive sports. It helps coaches understand the interest, attitude, instincts, drives and personality of sports persons. It also plays a role in medication of behaviour in various sports situations.<\/p>\n<p><strong>In controlling the emotions :<\/strong> Sports psychology is essential for controlling the emotions of sports persons during practice and competition. These emotions can lead to spontaneous changes in behaviour, such as anger, disgust, gear, negative self thinking and feeling of ownership. Sports psychology helps to balance the arousal of emotions, which improves performance.<\/p>\n<p><strong>In preparation of athletes psycho-logically for competitions :<\/strong> Sports psychology is an important part of preparing athletes for competitions, providing psychological tips and creating the will to win. It is needed for both national and international competitions.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Role in the emotional problems of sports persons :<\/strong> Sports psychology plays a vital role in enhancing the performance of sports persons by helping them manage stress, tension and anxiety. It also helps to develop concentration, confidence, emotional control and commitment, which are important for successful performance in sports and games.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"color: #008000\"><strong>9.1.1\u00a0 PERSONALITY TYPES<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>Type-A : <\/strong><\/span>They have high sense of time and always try to complete their task in time. They are always found busy. They can be easily aroused to anger.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>Type-B : <\/strong><\/span>They are extrovert in nature. They complete their work steadily. They enjoy their achievement and always focus on game not on winning or losing. They try to do at the last movement.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>Type-C :<\/strong><\/span> They are not so assertive and always suppress their emotions and desires. They are very susceptible to depression as compared to other types of personalities. They are introvert in nature. They try to spend maximum time on finding about how the thing work.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>Type-D :<\/strong><\/span> They resist any form of change and prefer the monotony of routine. They are not adventuresome and avoid responsibility. They are always having a fear of rejection. The individuals are the depressed ones; they live a very poor and short span of life.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"color: #008000\"><strong>9.1.2\u00a0 JUNG\u2019S CLASSIFICATION OF PERSONALITY TYPES<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>Carl Jung published a book Psychology Typen (Psychology Types) proposed a theory of personality based on two aspects :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Jung\u2019s topology is based on personality attitude (introvert and extrovert) and personality functions (Sensing, Intuitive, Thinking, Feeling).<\/li>\n<li>He was the first to introduce the concept of introversion and extroversion to psychology.<\/li>\n<li>His purpose was to demonstrate the complexity of human typology and its consequences.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h6><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>9.1.2.1\u00a0 <em>Personality Attitude :<\/em> <\/strong><\/span><\/h6>\n<p><em><strong>Which is distinguished as Extrovert and Introvert.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>Introvert<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>Extrovert<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p>\u2022 Jung\u2019s theory states that introverts are people who are primarily interested in their own mental self and prefer to be withdrawn from external reality.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u2022\u00a0 They prefer to live in their own inner world of feelings and thoughts and often take pleasure in solitary activities such as reading, writing, or meditating.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u2022\u00a0 They tend to shy away from public interactions and social connects and are less vocal with people around them, preferring to be reserved and within themselves.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 They are more analytical before speaking and prefer to create their own virtual and imagery world.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p>\u00a0 \u2022\u00a0 Jung\u2019s theory states that people with an extrovert personality are the opposite of those with an introvert personality.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u2022\u00a0 Extroverts are more broad-minded, are highly socialized, and enjoy human interactions.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u2022\u00a0 They are enthusiastic, talkative, assertive, and gregarious, and enjoy large social gatherings.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u2022\u00a0 They also work well in groups.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Carl Jung characteristics of Introverts and Extroverts<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>Introvert<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>Extrovert<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p>\u2022 Interested in their own self reserved<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Self-aware and introspective<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Take pleasure in reading, writing<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Tend to shy away from public<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Think before acting<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p>\u2022 Highly socialized Broad-minded<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Expressive and enjoy centre of attention<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Meet unknown people easily<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Bold, outgoing and optimistic person<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Action oriented<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h6><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>9.1.2.2\u00a0 <em>Personality Functions :<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h6>\n<p>Introverts and extroverts have a preferred pattern of dealing with situations, which can be divided into four basic ways :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Feeling :<\/strong> People use their emotional aspects involve making decisions based on values and effects, rather than logic.<\/li>\n<li><strong> Thinking :<\/strong> Thinking is the ability to evaluate information objectively based on evidence and principles.<\/li>\n<li><strong> Sensing : <\/strong>People use their senses to perceive the world through facts, evidence, data and details, and are good at looking and listening to understand the world.<\/li>\n<li><strong> Intuitive :<\/strong> Intuition is a preference for perceiving the world through concepts, theories and abstractions, used to understand the situation and people around them.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"128\">\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"430\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>Extroverted<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"387\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>Introverted<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"128\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080\"><strong>Thinking<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"430\">\n<p>\u2022 Extroverted thinking involves segmenting, organizing, systematizing, applying logic, structuring, checking for consequences, setting boundaries, guidelines, and parameters, sorting out different colours and styles, and thinking about consequences.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Extroverts are able to see the world through complex and solid ideas, and often work in fields related to Math and Science.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"387\">\n<p>\u2022 Introverted thinking involves analysing, categorizing, evaluating, figuring out principles, checking for inconsistencies, clarifying definitions, and analysing options for using principles.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 It is based on internal knowledge and is often used in science fields.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"128\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080\"><strong>Feeling<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"430\">\n<p>\u2022 Extroverted feeling refers to connecting with others, organizing to meet their needs, maintaining societal, organizational, or group values, adjusting to and accommodating others, and deciding if something is appropriate or acceptable.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 These people base their judgements on factual, known information and form their assessments on social values and beliefs.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"387\">\n<p>\u2022 Introverted feeling involves valuing, considering importance, reviewing for incongruity, evaluating something based on truths, clarifying values, and deciding if something is worth standing up for.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 These people often work in the art field.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"128\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080\"><strong>Sensing<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"430\">\n<p>\u2022 Extroverted Sensing is characterized by experiencing the immediate context, taking action in the physical world, noticing changes and opportunities for action, accumulating experiences, and scanning for visible reactions and relevant data.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 These individuals are not influenced by other opinions and often work as taste-testers or proof-readers.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"387\">\n<p>\u2022 Introverted Sensing involves reviewing past experiences, seeking detailed information and links to what is known, recalling stored impressions, accumulating data, recognizing the way things have always been, and looking for hidden meanings.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 These people often work in the art field.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"128\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080\"><strong>Intuitive<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"430\">\n<p>\u2022 Extroverted Intuition is characterized by interpreting situations and relationships, picking up meanings and interconnections, and being drawn to change \u201cwhat is\u201d for \u201cwhat could possibly be&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 They base their meanings on facts rather than feelings, and are usually inventors.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"387\">\n<p>\u2022 Introverted Intuition leads people to foresee implications and likely effects without external data.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 They base their decisions on their inner desires and find warmth through subjective ideas.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 These people usually work as artists or religious figures.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h6><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>9.1.2.3\u00a0 <em>Ambivert<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h6>\n<ul>\n<li>Ambivert is a new term used by Jung to describe someone who falls in the middle of the introvert\/extrovert continuum.<\/li>\n<li>It is a blend of traits from the introvert as well as the extrovert, with some specific strengths.<\/li>\n<li>It is supported by many other later psychologists and is used to explain that there is no such thing as a pure introvert or extrovert.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"color: #008000\"><strong>9.1.3\u00a0 BIG FIVE THEORY OF PERSONALITY<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-7701 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/onlitutor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/01-4-300x127.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"615\" height=\"261\" srcset=\"https:\/\/onlitutor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/01-4-300x127.jpg 300w, https:\/\/onlitutor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/01-4-1024x433.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/onlitutor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/01-4-768x325.jpg 768w, https:\/\/onlitutor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/01-4-1536x649.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/onlitutor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/01-4-600x254.jpg 600w, https:\/\/onlitutor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/01-4.jpg 1950w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 615px) 100vw, 615px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (1) Openness : <\/strong><\/span>The assessment of openness traits shows that the person is<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Imaginative<\/li>\n<li>Insightful<\/li>\n<li>Having variety of interest<\/li>\n<li>With degree of intellectual curiosity<\/li>\n<li>Creative<\/li>\n<li>Able to enjoy the new experiences<\/li>\n<li>Able to learn new changes and concept<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <span style=\"color: #0000ff\">(2) Conscientiousness :<\/span><\/strong> The assessment of this trait show :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Compete with life challenges<\/li>\n<li>Controlled and self-discipline<\/li>\n<li>To act dutifully<\/li>\n<li>To plan and to organize<\/li>\n<li>Work independently<\/li>\n<li>To do hard work<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<span style=\"color: #0000ff\"> (3) Extroversion : <\/span><\/strong>The assessment of this trait shows that the person :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>is energetic<\/li>\n<li>has positive emotions<\/li>\n<li>has Assertiveness<\/li>\n<li>is sociable<\/li>\n<li>is talkative<\/li>\n<li>is fun loving<\/li>\n<li>has friendly nature or has tendency to make new friends<\/li>\n<li>Able to get affection from others<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <span style=\"color: #0000ff\">(4) Agreeableness : <\/span><\/strong>The assessment of this trait show that such person :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>has sense of cooperation<\/li>\n<li>is systematic<\/li>\n<li>is kind<\/li>\n<li>is friendly and gentle<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<span style=\"color: #0000ff\"> (5) Neuroticism : <\/span><\/strong>The assessment of these trait shows that the parson<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>has emotional stability<\/li>\n<li>is able to control anger<\/li>\n<li>is able to control the level of anxiety<\/li>\n<li>is able to protect himself from depression.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Big five theory and their characteristics :<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"209\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>Trait<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"738\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>Description<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"209\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080\">Openness<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"738\">\n<p>Being curious, original, intellectual, creative and open to new ideas.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"209\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080\">Conscientiousness<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"738\">\n<p>Being organised, systematic, punctual, achievement, oriented and dependable.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"209\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080\">Extraversion<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"738\">\n<p>Being outgoing, talkative, socialism and enjoying social situations.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"209\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080\">Agreeableness<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"738\">\n<p>Being affectable, tolerance, sensitive, trusting, kind and warm.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"209\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080\">Neuroticism<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"738\">\n<p>Being anxious, irritable, temperamental and moody.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Personality traits according to the Big Five theory :<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Openness :<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Openness is a dimension of personality that can range from being imaginative, humorous, intellectual, creative, curious, and open to ideas to being closed to experience, suspicious and rigid.<\/li>\n<li>In sports, athletes or Individuals scoring high on Openness are characterized by demonstrating new ideas and skill execution initiatives.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Extraversion :<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Extraversion is a dimension of personality that ranges from having enthusiasm, energy, positive emotions, talkativeness, assertiveness at one end to being reserved, sober and cautious at the other.<\/li>\n<li>People who score high on extraversion are characterized by high sociability, outgoing and have a tendency to seek stimulation in the company of others.<\/li>\n<li>Those who score low on extraversion prefer solitude or smaller groups, prefer activities alone, and avoid large social situations.<\/li>\n<li>Those with high extraversion and openness are more likely to participate in adventure and risky sports due to their curious and excitement seeking nature.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> Conscientiousness :<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Conscientiousness is a combination of well-organised, careful, responsible, hardworking and dependable individuals.<\/li>\n<li>Numerous studies have found a positive correlation between conscientiousness and cognition, and individuals high on conscientiousness have been found to perform better in academics and sports.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong> Agreableness :<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Agreeableness is a measure of a person\u2019s compassionate behaviour, ranging from good-natured, cooperative, trusting to suspicious, irritable and uncooperative.<\/li>\n<li>People who score low on agreeableness tend to be antagonistic towards others and are described as rude and unkind.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><strong> Neuroticism :<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Neuroticism is a personality trait that can range from being poised, calm and composed to nervous, anxious and excitable.<\/li>\n<li>Individuals with high neuroticism are characterized by unpleasant emotions and impulsive and hostile behaviour, while those with low neuroticism tend to be calm and even-tempered.<\/li>\n<li>Athletes\u2019 sports performances are highly influenced by neurotic characteristics, and modern findings suggest exercise and physical activity as an alternative therapy to manage neurotic behaviours.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u00a0<\/h3>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>9.2<\/strong><strong>\u00a0\u00a0 Motivation<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><em>Motivation means to be inspired to do something to achieve the desired goals.\u00a0 \u00a0<strong><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\">Or<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong>Motivation is an internal force on which our behaviour or activity depends.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Techniques of motivation :<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Goal setting<\/li>\n<li>Verbal comments (praise or blame)<\/li>\n<li>Healthy sports environment<\/li>\n<li>Knowledge of results<\/li>\n<li>Rewards and punishments<\/li>\n<li>Positive self talks<\/li>\n<li>Motivational music<\/li>\n<li>Positive attitude<\/li>\n<li>Spectators<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"color: #008000\"><strong>9.2.1\u00a0 INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>(1) Intrinsic motivation : <\/strong><\/span>Motivation from within, no external pressure. You alone are determining the action. Self determination and motivation builds interest of desirability.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Intrinsic is also referred to as internal motivation, which drives an individual from within to naturally pursue actions that provide fun, pleasure, fulfilment or challenge.<\/li>\n<li>It includes satisfaction of needs felt by the individual and is directly linked to the individual\u2019s instincts or urges.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Techniques of motivation :<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Goal setting<\/li>\n<li>Self appraisal<\/li>\n<li>Auto suggestion<\/li>\n<li>Positive attitude<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>(2) Extrinsic motivation : <\/strong><\/span>Comes from outside forums. Forced to do something because of rewards etc. Outside motivation helps us overcome fear of failure or feeling that task is very tough.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The word extrinsic is derived from the Latin word \u2018entrinsecus\u2019, meaning outward.<\/li>\n<li>It means that the source of satisfaction does not come from within and the behaviour is influenced by external forces or drives.<\/li>\n<li>The reasons for action are not part of an individual\u2019s character, but are due to urges from outside such as prize, money, praise, or even punishment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Techniques of motivation :<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Praise, appreciation and criticism<\/li>\n<li>Record of success and achievement<\/li>\n<li>Better facilities<\/li>\n<li>Pep talk by coaches\/trainer<\/li>\n<li>Cash prizes, certificates and trophies<\/li>\n<li>Role of pear group and society<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Motivation \u2018Drive to strive\u2019 :<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong><em>Intrinsic motivation :<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong><em>Extrinsic motivation :<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p>(<em>a<\/em>)\u00a0 Learning<\/p>\n<p>(<em>b<\/em>)\u00a0 Social contact<\/p>\n<p>(<em>c<\/em>)\u00a0 Curiosity<\/p>\n<p>(<em>d<\/em>)\u00a0 Respect<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p>(<em>a<\/em>)\u00a0 Salary<\/p>\n<p>(<em>b<\/em>)\u00a0 Awards<\/p>\n<p>(<em>c<\/em>)\u00a0 Promotion<\/p>\n<p>(<em>d<\/em>)\u00a0 Appreciation<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><em><strong>Differentiate between Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation :<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>Intrinsic motivation<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>Extrinsic motivation<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p>\u2022 Natural motivation and internal<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p>\u2022 Always from outside external factors<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p>\u2022 Depends upon emotional needs, biological needs, personal needs and social needs<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p>\u2022 Rewards, prizes, social recognition<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p>\u2022 Satisfaction, behaviour, happiness<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p>\u2022 Job, teachers, parents.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p>\u2022 Inner desire, force comes from inside interest<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p>\u2022 Appreciation<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"369\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>Intrinsic motivation<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"450\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>Extrinsic motivation<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080\"><strong>Definition<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"369\">\n<p>Driving force to pursue an action for fun, joy or any other inner satisfaction<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"450\">\n<p>Driving force to pursue an action due to reward, trophy, money, promotions or praise<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080\"><strong>Factors<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"369\">\n<p>Internal factors like joy, enjoyment<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"450\">\n<p>Externala factors like reward, promotion, praise<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080\"><strong>Method<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"369\">\n<p>Goal setting strategies, Family and Community support<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"450\">\n<p>Associating success with future benefits, awards, promotions and avenues<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080\"><strong>Benefits<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"369\">\n<p>Long term benefit of maintaaianing a behaviour<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"450\">\n<p>Helpful to initiate or create a drive towards a desired behaviour when internal factors are missing<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Goals setting : <\/strong>(1) Short-term, (2) Middle-term, (3) Long-term<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Goal should be made clear.<\/li>\n<li>Knowledge of progress, achievable<\/li>\n<li>According to capabilities, realistic<\/li>\n<li>Need to set short term goal<\/li>\n<li>Challenging<\/li>\n<li>Goals can be reset<\/li>\n<li>Grading players<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Reinforcement : <\/strong>It is a statement which can alter the behaviour in a positive manner. It is used for behaviour modification.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"color: #008000\"><strong>9.2.2\u00a0 MOTIVATION TECHNIQUES<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>The motivational techniques are based on the following approaches mentioned :<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-7702 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/onlitutor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/02-4-300x44.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1050\" height=\"154\" srcset=\"https:\/\/onlitutor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/02-4-300x44.jpg 300w, https:\/\/onlitutor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/02-4-1024x150.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/onlitutor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/02-4-768x112.jpg 768w, https:\/\/onlitutor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/02-4-1536x225.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/onlitutor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/02-4-600x88.jpg 600w, https:\/\/onlitutor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/02-4.jpg 1758w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1050px) 100vw, 1050px\" \/><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>Cognitive Approach :<\/strong><\/span> Expectancy theory and Goal Setting theory suggest that people are motivated for tasks where the probability of success is higher than failure, while goalsetting theory suggests that a stronger drive for actions and behaviour is fuelled by quality of information on time set and difficulty level.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Time Bound : <\/em><\/strong>The task should be time bound<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Set Complexity level of task :<\/em><\/strong> Task should be neither too difficult nor too easy<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Make task Specific :<\/em><\/strong> Task instructions should be precise about what is to be done<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Define Purpose of task :<\/em><\/strong> Outcome of the task should be clear and defined.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong> Pedagogical Approach :<\/strong><\/span> Teaching coaching pedagogies used in sports training for planned outcomes is essential for motivating athletes towards a consistent action or behaviour. Making training enjoyable, engaging athletes in decision making, and providing valuable feedback are essential components.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Guided Discovery Method :<\/em><\/strong> Cooperative learning with opportunities for athletes to engage in decision making is an effective strategy for motivating them, despite lack of independence and training environment.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Valuable Feedback System :<\/em><\/strong> A strong supportive system should be provided to give athleteswith feedback which can provide them with specific direction to motivate them to push harder for a longer period of time.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Fun-based Training : <\/em><\/strong>Training should be challenging and task-oriented for optimal performance, but should also involve fun and enjoyment to motivate athletes.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Individualized Training Program (ITP\/IEP):<\/em><\/strong> Individualized training programmes or individualized education programmes are essential for athletes to set their own targets, challenges and difficulty levels to avoid burnout and keep them motivated.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong> Social Support Strategy :<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Participation in sports and exercise is heavily influenced by social networking and perception of people around them.<\/li>\n<li>Positive social support from peers, family members, and friends helps to develop healthy habits and drive to exercise.<\/li>\n<li>Initiating group activities and engaging family and peers in sports participation helps to increase participation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong> Facilitation Approach :<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Incentives and Rewards :<\/em><\/strong> Awards and rewards can help motivate athletes to pursue sports with consistency and continuity.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Valance of Reward :<\/em><\/strong> Prizes and awards can be used to motivate athletes, but it is important to understand the need and expectation of the individual athlete in order to value the reward. An athlete may value being made the captain of the team more than being rewarded with a pay hike. To be motivated, athletes must be awarded by considering what is desired or expected by an individual.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Performance appraisals :<\/em><\/strong> Motivation and praise should be provided to athletes to create confidence and encourage them to plan their actions. Regular appraisal of performance should be provided and appropriate rewards given.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Quality Support and Facilitation :<\/em><\/strong> Motivation for an action is influenced by the quality of support provided, which must be studied, diagnosed and provided to ensure high standards of behaviour.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"color: #008000\"><strong>9.2.3\u00a0 MOTIVATION AND SPORTS<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>Four motives towards sports and exercise behaviour can be identified.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Physical wellbeing<\/li>\n<li>Psychological wellbeing<\/li>\n<li>Performance achievement<\/li>\n<li>Status and Power (assertive achievements).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>\u00a0<\/h3>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>9.3\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Exercise Adherence<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Exercise adherence refers to <em>the extent to which the individual maintains an active involvement in physical exercise and acts in accordance with the advised interval, exercise dose, and exercise dosing regimen despite opportunities and pressures to withdraw.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><em><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\">Or<\/span>\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>Exercise adherence can also be referred as <em>a self-regulated, voluntary behaviour directed towards maintaining an exercise routine for a prolonged period of time after initial phase of adoption.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"color: #008000\"><strong>9.3.1\u00a0 REASON TO EXERCISE<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>Why people find a reason to exercise, participate in fitness and engage in recreation sports can be understood by the following aspects :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong> Overcoming Social Physique Anxiety :<\/strong> <\/span>Exercise combined with proper diet can help people achieve their goal of being lean and fit, overcoming social physique anxiety through exercise, fitness and recreation sports program engagement.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong> Reduced risk of disease :<\/strong> <\/span>Lifestyle factors play an important role in the rise of health issues, such as hypertension, obesity, and lack of physical activity. To overcome these issues, exercise and fitness are essential.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong> Recreation :<\/strong> <\/span>Recreation is an essential reason to exercise, as it provides fun, enjoyment, and physical benefits. People are facing the challenge of finding time and activity for recreation.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong> Mental Relaxation :<\/strong> <\/span>Exercise is an effective way to reduce stress and depression, providing economic and social benefits. People should participate in exercise for mental relaxation.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong> Socialization :<\/strong><\/span> People look for opportunities to engage with community and socialize with friends, peer groups, colleagues, etc. Through participation in team sports, group exercises, and other fitness programs, people can overcome social isolation, tackle loneliness, and build camaraderie. Socialization qualifies as a reason for people to engage and experience exercise and sports programs.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"color: #008000\"><strong>9.3.2\u00a0 BENEFITS OF EXERCISE<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong> Health Benefits : <\/strong><\/span>Humans have been working hard and putting in physical effort for survival since early times, and today people strive to lead a healthy life. Physical activity, exercise and sports have become a preferred activity to keep themselves healthy.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Reduces risk of Cardiovascular Disease :<\/em><\/strong> Exercise and a regular cardiofitness regime can help prevent cardiovascular diseases by strengthening the heart and improving circulation, which increases blood flow and lowers risk of heart diseases.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Weight Management :<\/em><\/strong> Regular exercise is essential for weight reduction, as dieting and calorie control are not effective.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Strengthens Bones and Muscles : <\/em><\/strong>Regular exercise helps build strong bones and slow the loss of bone density. Doing muscle-strengthening activities can help increase or maintain muscle mass and strength.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Reduces risk of some Cancers :<\/em><\/strong> Exercise reduces risk of cancers like cancers of the colon, breast, uterus, and lungs.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Reduces risk of Falls : <\/em><\/strong>Balance and muscle-strengthening activities can help reduce risk of falling in older adults.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong> Provides Stress Relief :<\/strong><\/span> Stress can lead to physical and mental health issues, such as increased susceptibility to illness, lack of energy, sleep issues, poor judgment, weight gain, depression, anxiety, and more.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong> Increases Happiness :<\/strong><\/span> People engage in physical activity for extrinsic goals, such as weight loss, improving physical appearance, but also to experience joy, happiness and satisfaction. Exercise increases the production of endorphins, which can improve the mood and make the individual feel relaxed and happy.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong> Promotes Self-Efficacy :<\/strong><\/span> Self-efficacy is the belief that one is capable of achieving a specific goal through regular exercise and participation in sports.<\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"> Promotes Social Cohesion :<\/span> <\/strong>Human beings are social animals who prefer to engage in group activities due to the opportunity to socialize and interact with other people. Sports and group exercise programmes help prevent boredom and social isolation by helping participants feel connected with the society and community. Group cohesion developed among participants of exercise groups and sporting members is an important reason for exercise.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong> Enhances Value Orientation :<\/strong><\/span> Knowledge and understanding about a healthy lifestyle and importance of regular physical activity creates a value orientation among individuals to initiate exercise and later continue with exercise behaviour. These values include discipline, enhanced learning process, self-actualization, social responsibility and ecological integration.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong> Cognitive Benefits :<\/strong><\/span> Regular aerobic activities improve attention control, information processing speed, and brain function. They also increase heart rate and stimulate the production of hormones that can enhance the growth of brain cells. Exercise serves to increase the following mental function :<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Attention Control : <\/em><\/strong>Regular physical activity and exercise can improve attention and concentration among all ages, even at a moderate level.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Improves Memory :<\/em><\/strong> Physical activity has been shown to improve intelligence, reduce memory loss, and reduce Alzheimer\u2019s disease.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"8\">\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"> Mental Health Benefits :<\/span> <\/strong>Regular physical activity and exercise can help to improve mood and reduce anxiety and depression.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Exercise as therapy for emotional disorder : <\/em><\/strong>Physical activity is an effective treatment for mental disorders such as depression and anxiety, producing improved mood, enhanced self-esteem, and increased productivity.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Fitness as moderator of life stress :<\/em><\/strong> Regular physical activity helps reduce stress and tension, creating a positive attitude towards work.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Runners High :<\/em><\/strong> Regular physical activity promotes mental alertness, mood upliftment, liberation, suppressed discomfort, and heightened well-being.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"9\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong> Psychological Well-being :<\/strong> <\/span>Regular physical activity, sports and exercise can lead to positive changes in mental and physical well-being, such as increased blood flow to the brain, decreased muscular tension, and improved metabolism.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong> Personality Enhancement :<\/strong><\/span> Physical activity and exercise have a significant influence on personality, with regular participation and long-term engagement in physical activities resulting in greater extraversion and stability.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong> Develops Leadership Qualities :<\/strong> <\/span>Engagement in an exercise programme and sports provides an opportunity for individuals to experience adversities and learn from them, developing qualities of leadership.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong> Special Population : <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Clinical Population :<\/em><\/strong> Regular physical activity and psychomotor activities can help people with intellectual disabilities improve their skills in daily living.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Elderly Population : <\/em><\/strong>Ageing is delayed among those who are regular participants in physical activity, even low intensity bouts of exercise.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Physical exercises for childhood and adulthood :<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>Childhood<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>Adulthood<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p>(1) Exercise must be planned which include co-ordinative ability like catching, throwing, jumping and kicking.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p>(1) Adult should do brisk walking, bike riding, dancing, and swimming for active life style.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p>(2) Exercise must be structured which improve body control and strength.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p>(2) They should also indulge in running, aerobic exercise, weight training, calisthenics for muscular strength.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p>(3) In this stage children should be introduced to competitive sports to develop social consciousness.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p>(3) They should engage themselves in resistance training for at least two days a week.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p>(4) Exercise like running, swimming, cycling, resistance exercise and fast work or rapid\u00a0movement exercise must be included for wholesome development of the child.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"479\">\n<p>(4) They should actively engage themselves in team events or endurance activity.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u00a0<\/h3>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>9.4\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Strategies for Enhancing Adherence to Exercise<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Simple exercise in the beginning<\/li>\n<li>Exercise in the morning<\/li>\n<li>Concentrate only on yourself<\/li>\n<li>Set appropriate goal<\/li>\n<li>Take support of others<\/li>\n<li>Select interesting exercises<\/li>\n<li>Be punctual<\/li>\n<li>Make a schedule<\/li>\n<li>Be aware about your progress<\/li>\n<li>Variety in exercise program<\/li>\n<li>Be regular<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>The essential strategies for enhancing adherence to exercise :<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"> Goal setting :<\/span> <\/strong>A moderate bout of acute exercise (20-30 min) is beneficial for improving psychological effects of exercise. However, exercise performed above lactate threshold (LT) is perceived as unpleasant and should be avoided due to overexertion and discomfort. SMART goals should be set.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong> Adding variety to exercise :<\/strong> <\/span>Lack of new variety of exercise can lead to boredom and dropping out. Adding variety to the exercise program through adoption of new strategies, changing methods, using new equipment, reinventing logistics and adding new members can induce fresh energy and increase adherence to exercise.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong> Social support enhancement :<\/strong> <\/span>Increasing social support is the engagement of friends and other members in physical activity, exercise and sports to help fuel goal achievement. It involves creating a system of buddy partners, youth leaders, mentors and family members to motivate and flag-bearers for exercise.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong> Contract :<\/strong> <\/span>Chronic exercise habits or regular exercise behaviour are important for maintaining benefits, and promoting participants for signing an intent to comply through a written contract has been found to be more effective in exercise adherence.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong> Reinforcement Interventions :<\/strong> <\/span>Positive and negative reinforcement approaches have been found to be effective in maintaining exercise behaviour and motivating participants to engage in physical activity.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong> Feedback :<\/strong> <\/span>Providing feedback to participants in physical activity can provide direction and energy to prolong and continue exercise behaviour. Individualized feedback can create higher levels of motivation and prove effective towards exercise adherence.<\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"> Process Orientation :<\/span> <\/strong>Exercise programmes based on outcome goals or product goals can be effective in the initial stages of adoption, but it is difficult to maintain the drive with prolonged exercise behaviour. Helping people shift from process goals to product goals which are more intrinsic in nature will help them become lifelong exercisers.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong> Problem Solving :<\/strong> <\/span>Identify obstacles and barriers to physical activity goals, generate and implement solutions, evaluate outcomes, and choose different solutions if needed.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong> Health Risk Appraisals :<\/strong> <\/span>Health risk appraisals provide participants with relevant information about their current health, risk factors and level of fitness, which can enhance motivation and help with goal setting.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong> Health Education :<\/strong> <\/span>Participants should seek information from experts on the benefits of exercise, proper exercise techniques, and results. This will help them understand why and what they are doing and give them the confidence and motivation to participate in long-term physical activity. Health-care providers should also have influence over participant\u2019s physical activity and the implementation of interventions.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>\u00a0<\/h3>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>9.5<\/strong><strong>\u00a0\u00a0 Aggression<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"935\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>Important Definitions :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #800080\"><strong>Aggression<\/strong> is behaviour that is hostile and violates other people\u2019s rights.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #800080\"><strong>Reactive aggressive behaviour <\/strong>is unplanned and impulsive, and is usually a response to feelings of anger, fear, or a need to retaliate against someone.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #800080\"><strong>Proactive aggressive behaviour <\/strong>is calculated and planned action that has some motive other than harming someone.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>Aggression : <\/strong><\/span><em>The term aggression refers to a type of behavior that can result in both physical and psychological harm to one self\/others or any object in the environment.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><em><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\">Or<\/span>\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong><em>Aggression is an assertive behaviour where a player plays within the rules of sports at very high intensity but has no intention to harm an opponent.<\/em><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Aggression is a behaviour that can be seen, not an emotion that occurs inside a person.<\/li>\n<li>Aggression is intentional behaviour to harm or injure, and can be physical or psychological example hitting, pushing or abusing someone purposely, with an intent to hurt.<\/li>\n<li>The victim wants to avoid harm.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"color: #008000\"><strong>9.5.1\u00a0 TYPES OF AGGRESSION<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>Aggression is a behaviour with a goal of harming or injuring another being motivated to avoid such treatment.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>(<em>a<\/em>) Hostile aggression : <\/strong><\/span>Hostile aggression is a type of aggression that is committed in response to a perceived threat or insult. It is unplanned, reactionary, impulsive, and fuelled by intense emotion, resulting in physiological hyperarousal. It is also known as reactive aggression.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Role :<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>To cause harm physical or psychological.<\/li>\n<li>The intent of action is to physically or mentally harm the other person due to dislike, enmity, or due to the person being on the opposing team or side. Non-legitimate measures or illegal methods are used to do so.<\/li>\n<li>Hostile aggression is impulsive<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>For <em>Example :<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Deliberate bouncer in cricket<\/li>\n<li>A boxer who punches an opponent below the belt or an athlete who uses abusive words to mentally harm another player is hostile aggression.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>(<em>b<\/em>) Instrumental aggression (Channelled aggression) :<\/strong><\/span> Instrumental aggression is harmful behaviour engaged in without provocation to obtain an outcome or coerce others.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Role :<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Aggression is used for non-aggressive goals, such as winning, getting money, prestige, or gaining any other advantage.<\/li>\n<li>It is not motivated by anger or enmity.<\/li>\n<li>Instrumental aggression is learned behaviour<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>For <em>Example :<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Elbowing and injuring a player to gain a competitive advantage<\/li>\n<li>Late tackling to stop an opponent from scoring a goal.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>(<em>c<\/em>) Assertive behaviour : <\/strong><\/span>Use of legitimate physical or verbal force to achieve one\u2019s purpose.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Role :<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Legitimate force is used against opponent player\/team.<\/li>\n<li>Psychological discomfort is caused due to unusual effort and energy expenditure.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>For <em>Example :<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Sledging in cricket matches.<\/li>\n<li>Tennis players use a strong and hard forearm top spin stroke to attack their opponent.<\/li>\n<li>Posturized dunking is when a basketball player drives and performs a posturized dunk with force.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><em><strong>Difference between hostile, instrumental and assertive aggression.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 387px\" width=\"809\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"216\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>Hostile<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"202\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>Instrumental<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"239\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong>Assertive<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080\"><strong>Intent<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"216\">\n<p>Harm or Suffering<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"202\">\n<p>Harm or Suffering<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"239\">\n<p>No harm<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080\"><strong>Primary Goal<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"216\">\n<p>Harm or Injure<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"202\">\n<p>Win or Advantage<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"239\">\n<p>Win or Advantage<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080\"><strong>Process<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"216\">\n<p>Non-Legitimate<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"202\">\n<p>Non-Legitimate<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"239\">\n<p>Legitimate<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080\"><strong>Emotion<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"216\">\n<p>Anger<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"202\">\n<p>No anger<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"239\">\n<p>Unusual effort and energy expenditure<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"173\">\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080\"><strong>Explanation<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"216\">\n<p>Self-justification instead of apology<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"202\">\n<p>Offer apologies<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"239\">\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u00a0<\/h3>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong>9.6\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Psychological Attributes in Sports<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<h5><span style=\"color: #008000\"><strong>9.6.1\u00a0 SELF-ESTEEM<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><em>Self-esteem is a belief in oneself, respect for the self, and confidence in the self.<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Self-esteem is a person\u2019s evaluation of, or attitude toward, themselves.<\/li>\n<li>It is centered around a belief in the self, respect for the self, and confidence in the self.<\/li>\n<li>It reflects a person\u2019s physical self-image, view of their accomplishments and capabilities, and values and perceived success in living up to them, as well as the ways in which others view and respond to them.<\/li>\n<li>It is important for performers to seek esteem from others, as it is associated with increases in self-esteem and positive feelings about the body.<\/li>\n<li>Research has shown that exercise is a powerful motive behind marathon runners, cyclists, and other exercisers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Participation in physical activities enhances self-esteem among children :<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Improve physical self<\/li>\n<li>Self-confidence<\/li>\n<li>Ability to solve problem<\/li>\n<li>Stop comparing yourself to others<\/li>\n<li>Self-discipline<\/li>\n<li>Non-blaming behaviour<\/li>\n<li>Good self-care<\/li>\n<li>Self-respect<\/li>\n<li>Own appearance<\/li>\n<li>Beliefs<\/li>\n<li>Control on emotions and behaviours<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"color: #008000\"><strong>9.6.2\u00a0 MENTAL IMAGERY<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>The use of the \u2018mind\u2019s eye\u2019, or imagery, or the mental creation or re-creation of sensory experiences in the mind, is the most popular mental training technique used by athletes.<\/li>\n<li>Imagery can be used to aid relaxation and focusing, and is divided into external and internal imagery.<\/li>\n<li>It helps us to learn and practise techniques, and de-sensitises us to the anxiety of competitive situations.<\/li>\n<li>Coaches from around the world use imagery more than any other mental training technique and feel that it is the most useful technique used with their athletes.<\/li>\n<li>All athletes have the potential to increase their imagery abilities through systematic practice, with increases in imagery ability enhancing the effectiveness of imagery training.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>How to practice Imagery :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mental imagery techniques have been implemented with various models and strategies.<\/li>\n<li>The PETTLEP framework is an acronym representing a seven point checklist of guidelines to be followed when devising an imagery intervention for athletes. These guidelines include Physical, Environment, Task, Timing, Learning, Emotion, and Perspective.<\/li>\n<li>Mental Imagery intervention and training can be effective in enhancing performance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>Benefits of imagery :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Athletes use imagery for various purposes, such as skill learning, strategy development, rehearsal, competition preparation, mental skill development, and coping with sport stressors.<\/li>\n<li>Acquisition and improved performance of skills and strategies<\/li>\n<li>Modification of attention focus and other cognitions.<\/li>\n<li>Regulation of arousal and anxiety.<\/li>\n<li>Effective in enhancing self-confidence, motivation and self-control<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>Body image :<\/strong><\/span> <em>Body image is how and what you feel about your body. <strong><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\">Or<\/span>\u00a0 <\/strong>The perception that a person has of their physical self.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Factors affecting Self-Esteem and Body Image :<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Puberty and adolescent period (body undergoes number of changes).<\/li>\n<li>Media image (comparing with media images)<\/li>\n<li>Family and society (can have both positive and negative effect on body image)<\/li>\n<li>Peer group (peer pressure)<\/li>\n<li>Natural ageing process (may adversely influence body image)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"color: #008000\"><strong>9.6.3\u00a0 SELF TALK<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>Secret or open personal dialogue in which the athlete interprets feelings, perceptions, and convictions and gives himself instructions and reinforcement is known as self-talk. Self-talk is a powerful tool for controlling thoughts and influencing feelings.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>How to make self-talk to be effective : <\/strong><\/span>For self-talk to be effective, it is suggested that self-talk statements be :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Brief and phonetically simple<\/li>\n<li>Logically associated with the skill involved<\/li>\n<li>Compatible with the sequential timing of the task being performed.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>Types of self talk : <\/strong><\/span>Three primary categories of self-talk include task-specific statements, encouragement and effort, and mood words. These three categories are further clarified below:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Task-specific statements relating to technique category of self-talk refers to words or statements that reinforce technique. <em>For example,<\/em> in the tennis volley, the word \u201cturn\u201d might be used in association with preparation for stepping into the volley.<\/li>\n<li>Encouragement and effort are words or statements that provide self-encouragement to persevere or to try harder. <em>For examples<\/em> include \u201cYou can do it\u201d to prepare for an anticipated play in softball.<\/li>\n<li>Mood words category of self-talk refers to words that precipitate an increase in mood or arousal. <em>For example,<\/em> the mood words \u201chard\u201d or \u201cblast\u201d might be used in conjunction with a play in football or soccer.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>Benefits of self talk :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Building and developing self-efficacy :<\/strong> Self-talk can lead to the belief that a person is competent and able to perform tasks efficiently and effectively.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Skill acquisition :<\/strong> Learning a new skill requires persistence, effort, and dedication. Self-talk can help an athlete become proficient in a new skill by changing bad habits and learning new good habits.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Creating and changing mood : <\/strong>Mood words are powerful motivators because they convey meaning and can be used to create a desired or undesirable mood. For example, an athlete may use the words \u201cgo\u201d or \u201cexplode\u201d to increase power needed to get out of a sprinting block quickly.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Controlling efforts :<\/strong> Athletes need to be able to sustain effort during long practices or competitions, and self-talk can help them do so. Words and phrases such as \u201cpick it up,\u201d \u201cstay with it,\u201d or \u201cpace\u201d can be effective in controlling effort.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Focusing attention :<\/strong> It is important to stay focused and concentrate on the task at hand, as athletes often get tired and their minds can wander. This can be especially problematic when a coach is teaching an important concept.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"color: #008000\"><strong>9.6.4\u00a0 GOAL SETTING<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><em>Goal setting is a mental training technique used to increase commitment to achieving a specific standard of proficiency on a task within a specified time. <\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><strong><em>Or\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong><\/span><em>Goal setting is a process of establishing a level of performance proficiency which should be reached within a prescribed time period.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Athletes focus on three types of goals :<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong> Outcome Goal : <\/strong><\/span>Outcome goals are successful implementations of process and performance goals that help us stay focused on the bigger picture, such as winning a sport or achieving a top rank in school. <em><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\">Examples<\/span><\/em> of outcome goals include winning a sport, losing the desired amount of weight, or scoring a top rank in school.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong> Performance Goal :\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>Athletes should focus on achievements that are independent of other competitors or teammates.\u00a0Performance goals are more flexible and controllable for athletes, allowing them to continually raise and lower goal difficulty levels to remain challenged and successful in their pursuit of exciting outcome goals. These goals help in tracking progress and give us a reason for continuing the hard work. <span style=\"color: #ff00ff\"><em>For Example<\/em><\/span> striking a score of 100 in an innings or making 50 passes in a match.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong> Process Goal :<\/strong><\/span> Focus on specific behaviour or task throughout a competition, training or task to lock in optimal performance images and plans. This behaviour reflects proper and effective techniques for executing a specific athletic task and plans. <em><span style=\"color: #ff00ff\">For example<\/span><\/em> focusing on the defender rather than ball or focusing on position of arm toward target while shooting. When repeated for a period of time, it should help in attaining performance goal and outcome goals.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>Principles of Goal Setting :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Make goals specific, measurable, and observable.<\/li>\n<li>Clearly identify time constraints.<\/li>\n<li>Use moderately difficult goals; they are superior to either easy or very difficult goals.<\/li>\n<li>Write goals down and regularly monitor progress.<\/li>\n<li>Use a mix of process, performance, and outcome goals.<\/li>\n<li>Use short-range goals to achieve long-range goals.<\/li>\n<li>Set team as well as individual performance goals.<\/li>\n<li>Set practice as well as competition goals.<\/li>\n<li>Make sure goals are internalized by the athlete.<\/li>\n<li>Consider personality and individual differences in goal setting.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>Characteristic of effective goal :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080\"><strong>SMART<\/strong><\/span> helps athletes remember five important characteristics of well-stated goals.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"color: #800080\"><strong>S :<\/strong><\/span> Specific goals are those that focus on achieving a specific goal, such as shooting 80% accuracy in free-throw shooting, but not becoming a better basketball player.<\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #800080\">M :<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0Measurable goals are those that can be quantify, in the sense that you know exactly how close you are to achieving the goal while general goals such as becoming a better server in tennis are not.<\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #800080\">A :<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0Action-Oriented Goals are goals that have action steps and action plans to help athletes stay focused and energized. They help everyone see how their part of the work is connected to other parts of the work and to a larger purpose.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #800080\"><strong>R :<\/strong><\/span> Realistic goals should be attainable and withing the capability and capacity of the athlete. They should not be too high or too low, as setting goals that are too high can be discouraging and leave the athlete dissatisfied.<\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #800080\">T :<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0Timely\u2013A well-stated goal should be timely in that it specifies time constraints and reflects an appropriate amount of time to accomplish it. Athletes should create a deadline for the task and try to meet it on time.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>Benefits of Goal Setting :<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Improved focus attention<\/li>\n<li>Develop persistence<\/li>\n<li>Mobilisation of efforts<\/li>\n<li>Developing new learning techniques<\/li>\n<li>Increased motivation<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/onlitutor.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/lesson\/7698"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/onlitutor.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/lesson"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/onlitutor.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/lesson"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onlitutor.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7698"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/onlitutor.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7698"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}