Concept of Disability:

1. Definition: Disability refers to a condition or impairment that limits a person’s physical, sensory, cognitive, or emotional abilities to participate fully in various aspects of life.
2. Functional Inability: It encompasses limitations in performing certain activities (activity limitation) and interacting with the world (participation restrictions).
3. Legal Recognition: According to the Rights for Persons with Disabilities Act 2016, it includes long-term physical, mental, intellectual, or sensory impairments that hinder full participation in society.
4. Types of Disabilities: Disabilities can be categorized into various types, including:
   • Physical disabilities (e.g., mobility impairments, amputations)
   • Sensory disabilities (e.g., visual or hearing impairments)
   • Cognitive disabilities (e.g., intellectual impairments)

Concept of Disorder:

1. Definition: Disorder is characterized by a type of impairment that may arise from a medical condition leading to physical or intellectual disturbances.
2. Associated Disturbances: It can be associated with disturbances in physical or mental functioning, as well as social well-being.
3. Types of Disorders: Different kinds of disorders include:
   • Mental disorders
   • Attention disorders
   • Eating disorders
   • Anxiety disorders
   • Substance abuse and addiction disorders
4. Reversal Potential: Individuals experiencing disorders can be treated and may return to their previous state of functioning.
   

   
   4.2 Types of Disability its Causes and Nature 

   Types of Disability, its Causes, and Nature can be summarized as follows:

   Types of Disability:

   1. Physical Disabilities: Long-term loss or impairment of part of an individual’s body, affecting mobility and physical function.
   2. Intellectual Disabilities: Limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, affecting learning and social skills.
   3. Learning Disabilities: Difficulties in processing information, which can impact academic performance and everyday tasks.
   4. Visual Handicap: Impairments related to sight, including low vision and blindness.
   5. Hearing Handicap: Impairments related to hearing, including partial or complete deafness.
   6. Mental Illness: A range of mental health disorders that affect mood, thinking, and behavior.
   7. Leprosy Cured: Individuals who have been cured of leprosy but may still face disabilities as a result.
   8. Low Vision: Significant visual impairment that cannot be corrected fully with glasses or contact lenses.

   Causes of Disability:

   1. Genetic Causes:

      • Genetic Mutations: Inherited or spontaneous mutations leading to conditions like Down syndrome or cystic fibrosis.
      • Chromosomal Abnormalities: Disorders caused by abnormalities in chromosome number or structure, such as Turner syndrome.

   2. Environmental Causes:

      • Prenatal Exposures: Harmful substances or conditions during pregnancy, such as drugs, alcohol, or infections, leading to developmental disabilities.
      • Perinatal Factors: Complications during childbirth or the neonatal period, such as oxygen deprivation or trauma.

   Nature of Disabilities:

   1. Impairments: Problems in body function or alterations in body structure (e.g., paralysis, blindness).
   2. Activity Limitations: Difficulties in executing activities (e.g., walking, eating).
   3. Participation Restrictions: Problems with involvement in any area of life (e.g., discrimination in employment or transportation).

   These points outline the various types of disabilities, their causes, and their nature as recognized under the framework of disability studies.

   4.3 Disability Etiquettes